Treatment
A treatment is a specific condition applied to subjects in an experiment, whose effect on a response variable the experiment is designed to measure.
A treatment is what the experimenter imposes on each group so their responses can be compared. For example, in a study of a new fertilizer, one treatment might be the new fertilizer and another the current fertilizer, with plant growth as the response. When an experiment varies more than one factor, each treatment is a combination of the levels of those factors. Subjects are assigned to treatments at random so the groups start out comparable.
More collecting data and study design terms, or browse the full statistics glossary.