Standardized test statistic

That one formula, $\frac{\text{statistic} - \text{parameter}}{\text{standard error of the statistic}}$, generates every z and t statistic you will compute, and it appears in exactly that form on the AP formula sheet. It counts how many standard errors separate what you observed from what the null hypothesis assumed. For example, testing $H_0: p = 0.50$ with p-hat (the sample proportion) equal to 0.60 and n = 100, the standard error is $\sqrt{0.50(0.50)/100} = 0.05$, so $z = (0.60 - 0.50)/0.05 = 2.00$. Notice the standard error uses the null value 0.50 rather than p-hat, because the calculation assumes the null hypothesis is true.