Simulation

A simulation lets you approximate a probability that would be hard to compute directly by running the random process many times. For example, to estimate the chance of at least one head in three coin flips, you can generate many sets of three random 0s and 1s and record how often a set contains a 1. The estimate is the number of successful trials divided by the total number of trials, $\hat{p} = \frac{\text{successes}}{\text{trials}}$ (p-hat, the estimated probability). Running more trials generally gives an estimate closer to the true probability.